The pandemic COVID-19 in DKI Jakarta: An economic and environmental impact model with a systems thinking approach

Wabah COVID-19 telah menimbulkan kekhawatiran secara global. WHO telah menyatakannya kejadian ini sebagai darurat kesehatan global. Mudahnya penyebaran virus ini tidak hanya berdampak secara kesehatan tetapi juga berdampak pada ekonomi, lingkungan, dan sosial yang sangat besar bagi seluruh populasi manusia. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman tentang kejadian epidemi suatu penyakit seperti pandemi COVID-19 yang saat ini menjadi perhatian masyarakat di seluruh dunia dengan pendekatan systems thinking menggunakan metode system dynamics. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kasus COVID-19 di DKI Jakarta akan terus meningkat secara eksponensial jika tidak dilakukan intervensi. Total biaya perawatan dan pengobatan yang timbul jika tidak ada intervensi adalah 3,4 triliun rupiah. Di sisi lain, kerugian ekonomi yang timbul karena adanya kebijakan pembatasan aktivitas aktivitas masyaraka mencapai 415 milyar. Sedangkan dampak lingkungan yang ditimbulkan dari peningkatan kasus ini adalah limbah medis di lingkungan meningkat mencapai 45.200 tonWHO has been assessing this COVID-19 outbreak as a global health emergency. The easy spread of this virus posing enormous health, economic, environmental, and social challenges to the entire human population. This paper aims to provide an understanding of the incidence of epidemics of a disease such as the COVID-19 pandemic which is currently a concern of people around the world with a system thinking approach using a system dynamics method. The number cases of COVID-19 in DKI Jakarta will continue to increase if intervention is not carried out with exponential growth behavior. The total cost of care and medication without intervention is 3.4 trillion rupiah. In other hand, economic loss arising from restricting activity policy reached 415 billion rupiah. Meanwhile, the environmental impact also caused in this case is increasing medical waste in the environment reaching 45,200 tons

MODEL OPTIMASI PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DI TPA

The increase in waste generation is a major problem especially for urban areas such as Jakarta with insufficient landfill capacity and an inefficient and environmentally sound waste management system. To produce an optimal, integrated and sustainable landfill management strategy, an analysis of the TPST Bantargebang waste management system is then formulated towards optimization of sustainable landfill management in environmental, financial, and social aspects through a system dynamics intervention scenario model of the TPST Bantargebang waste management system. Based on the descriptive analysis carried out on the latest waste management, 3 main issues are known, namely, landfill capacity almost fully occupied, methane gas emissions increment, and the possibility waste pickers integration to increase scavenging productivity. Simulations were carried out with a system dynamics model for the 2018-2023 period with BAU conditions and an intervention scenario with a reduction in landfill waste and a reduction in waste flow. The results of the scenario are: landfill can still be utilized until 2023; methane gas emissions decreased by an average of 23,50%; the increase in the Scavenger Production Ratio to the Landfill Waste Rate reached 134,58%. As a consequence of the intervention and the addition of waste treatment activities in the TPST Bantargebang, the operational cost per ton has increased up to 309,62%. This study concludes that the scenario of incoming waste reduction and existing landfill waste reduction planned by Material Recovery Facility (MRF) construction with scavenger involvement, compost processing efficiency improvement, construction of Waste to Energy (WtE) facilities in the form of incinerator, landfill mining, and reprofiling simultaneously

POLLUTION INDEX AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF VANNAMEI SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei) FARMING IN INDONESIA

Shrimp farming has contributed a large share in Indonesia’s aquaculture portfolio for at least a decade, and a national plan to increase shrimp production by 250% has been recently laid out. However, boosting shrimp productions could lead to unintended consequences in environmental and socio-economic negative impacts. The rapid development of vannamei farming in Java has increased coastline land clearings and demands of fertilizers, feeds, and chemicals to sustain the farming activities. Such pressures will eventually lead to a reduced environmental capacity and the farming efficiency itself. This study aimed to study the environmental impacts and business performance of intensive shrimp farming in Indonesia. The study was conducted in Aquaculture Business Center (ABC) in Karawang for four months, from July to October 2020. In-situ and ex-situ measurements of water quality parameters were done at six sampling stations directly post-harvest water discharge. The measured parameters consisted of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4), alkalinity, and salinity. Pollution Index (PI) was used as the primary method to determine the environmental impacts of the shrimp farming. The R/C Ratio was used to analyze the business performance of the company. The results showed that the water quality index in the ABC area was categorized as lightly polluted in station 1 (PIj 4.52) and station 5 (PIj 4.37), moderately polluted in station 2 (PIj 6.24), station 3 (PIj 6.72), and station 4 (PIj 6.13) and heavily polluted in station 6 (PIj 111.06). The determined R/C ratio was 1.10, meaning that the shrimp farming is classified as economically profitable. Although the shrimp farming’s economic performance value is very good, the water conditions affected by waste from the shrimp pond culture will reduce the R/C ratio in the future if not properly managed

PENGELOLAAN AIR LIMBAH RUMAH POTONG HEWAN DI RPH X, KOTA BOGOR, PROVINSI JAWA BARAT (Wastewater Management of Slaughterhouse in Slaughterhouse X, Bogor City, West Java Province)

ABSTRAKAir limbah Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) yang tidak dikelola dengan baik dapat menimbulkan masalah lingkungan dan gangguan pada masyarakat yang bertempat tinggal di sekitar RPH. Sejak RPH X beroperasi pada tahun 2009, pengelolaan air limbah RPH X masih belum berjalan optimal. Hal ini dikarenakan air limbah RPH X masih dilihat sebagai materi yang tidak berguna dan dibuang. Saat ini, praktik pengelolaan air limbah RPH X dilakukan dengan menggabungkan semua air limbah kemudian air limbah tersebut diolah dengan Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL). Riset ini mencoba menganalisis praktik pemotongan sapi, fasilitas RPH, pengelolaan air limbah RPH, kualitas air limbah RPH, dan dampak limbah RPH pada masyarakat. Riset ini menggunakan pendekatan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif, melalui observasi, wawancara, kuesioner, dan uji laboratorium. Hasil riset menunjukkan bahwa praktik pemotongan sapi di RPH X termasuk kategori baik, fasilitas RPH X termasuk kategori kurang sesuai dengan persyaratan, pengelolaan air limbah RPH X belum berjalan optimal, kualitas air outlet IPAL telah memenuhi baku mutu, dan dampak limbah RPH X pada masyarakat berupa gangguan bau yang dirasakan oleh 100% responden dan gangguan kesehatan berupa mual yang dirasakan oleh 41% responden. Alternatif peningkatan dalam pengelolaan air limbah RPH yang dapat dilakukan adalah minimisasi air limbah melalui segregasi dan pemanfaatan air limbah RPH.Kata kunci:    Rumah Potong Hewan, praktik pemotongan sapi, fasilitas RPH, pengelolaan air limbah RPH, kualitas air limbah RPH, dampak limbah RPH, minimisasiABSTRACTWastewater of slaughterhouse is not managed optimally can cause environmental problems and disruption to communities living around the slaughterhouse. Since slaughterhouse X operates in 2009, wastewater management of the slaughterhouse X is not managed optimally. This is because the wastewater of the slaughterhouse X is seen as useless and discarded material. Currently, the wastewater management of the slaughterhouse X is carried out by mixing all of the wastewater and then the wastewater is treated by Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). This study analyzes practice of cattle slaughtering, slaughterhouse facilities, wastewater management, wastewater quality, impact of slaughterhouse waste. This study exercises quantitative and qualitative methods, through observations, interviews, questionnaires, and laboratory test. The results showed that the practice of cattle slaughtering was categorized into good, the slaughterhouse X facilities were categorized into less suitable, the wastewater management of slaughterhouse X is still not managed optimally, the wastewater quality of WWTP outlet is comply with water quality standards, and the impact of slaughterhouse waste to the communities living around the slaughterhouse is odor disruption felt by 100% of respondents and health issue are nauseous felt by 41% of respondents. An alternative to improving wastewater management of slaughterhouse is minimization through segregation and utilization of slaughterhouse wastewater

Village Fund for Peatlands Restoration: Study of Community’s Perceived Challenges and Opportunities in Muaro Jambi District

Peatlands conversion to dryland for plantation has caused environmental havoc and is more prone to natural disasters in Indonesia. Community engagements under village administration should be the main strategy for supporting peatlands restoration. Since the new law on villages was enacted in 2014, the village has gained authority and delegated responsibilities from the upper-level government to make rural development decisions in various sectors, including those connected to environmental management, such as peatland restoration. The recognition of authority is followed by the transfer of significant funds, called village funds, from the central government as a form of commitment to undertake the village law. Currently, applied regulations allow community engagement to utilize the village fund for supporting peatland restoration. This study investigated the community's perceptions of village fund utilization for peatland restoration through in-depth interviews and questionnaires with site-level stakeholders that influence village budget allocation-related policies. The investigated aspects included village budgeting and development planning mechanism, the capacity of the community, and rules of district government in supervising the villages. Based on our findings, the identified challenges include the absence of environmental aspects as a part of village development pillars for developing village planning and budgeting, lack of community's environmental-economical nexus knowledge, and lack of district government in supervising village fund utilization and management at the site-level. However, the opportunities to direct the village fund utilization for peatlands restoration are widely open by strengthening the roles of district government to improve village fund governance at the site level

Flood Disaster Risk Model in Karawang Regency's Industrial Area, West Java Province, Indonesia

Telukjambe Barat and Telukjambe Timur Sub-Districts, Karawang Regency, have a high flood risk level due to changes in Land Use/Land Cover and the yearly occurrence of runoff water discharge. This research aims to analyze the rate and pattern of land-use change due to industrial development, examine the correlation of flood impacts with environmental-socio-economic factors, and develop a flood risk model in industrial areas. Data were collected through methods of system dynamics, remote sensing, geographic information system, questionnaire distribution, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews with stakeholders. The results showed that floods in this regency are due to massive inland changes, such as the transition from vegetation and water bodies to industrial and residential areas and a strong relationship between environmental-social-economic factors. In other cases, areas with urban land conversion are likely to be flood-prone zones in places such as the Philippines, Belgium, and China. Based on the correlation test that has been conducted, the relationship with the highest level of closeness is the correlation between environmental factors and the impact of flooding, which has a value of 0.791. Therefore, the disaster risk model with an integrated spatial plan approach and an ecological perspective is an option for realizing sustainable development in industrial areas in Karawang Regency

Pollution Load Allocation on Water Pollution Control in the Citarum River

The Citarum River is a strategic river in Indonesia, but has poor water quality.  The existing pollution control program has no impact on the river's water quality, because it uses a regulatory approach and prioritizes industrial sources. To improve the quality of the river, every pollutant source needs to reduce the pollution load discharged into the river based on the ability of the river to receive pollution. The purpose of this study was to measure pollution load allocation based on the total maximum daily load (TMDL) of the river. The results show that non-point sources contribute the highest pollution load (85%) compared with point sources (15%). The results of the measurement of pollution load allocation showed that the highest contribution of pollution load was from domestic waste (83.5%), followed by industrial waste (6.6%). The target of pollution load reduction for domestic sources is 81.8%, and for industries is 79.5%. The improvement of river water quality should be started at tributaries and domestic sources. This study can be used by local governments to develop water pollution control programs, for instance as a basis for determining the wastewater discharge permit of pollutant sources and permit trading

Modeling Abundance and Control of Litter on Kuta Beach, Bali, Indonesia

The research aims to simulate the behavior of the abundance of litter on Kuta Beach and the dominan